Curated clinical trials and pre-clinical studies — evidence-graded and cross-linked to the compound profiles they support. Landmark trials surface first.
These pivotal studies carry the strongest downstream impact on how the rest of the database gets interpreted.
Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al.
“Semaglutide 2.4 mg reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% versus placebo in overweight or obese adults with established cardiovascular disease but without diabetes.”
Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.
“Tirzepatide 15 mg once-weekly produced a mean body weight reduction of 22.5% versus 2.4% with placebo in adults with obesity without diabetes.”
Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al.
“Tirzepatide at all three doses (5, 10, and 15 mg once weekly) was superior to semaglutide 1 mg once weekly for HbA1c reduction (−2.46% vs −1.86% at 15 mg) and body weight loss (−13.9 kg vs −5.5 kg …”
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al.
“Semaglutide 2.4 mg once-weekly produced 14.9% mean body weight reduction versus 2.4% with placebo in adults with obesity without diabetes.”
Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, et al.
“Subcutaneous bremelanotide 1.75 mg (PT-141) significantly improved sexually satisfying events and sexual desire scores versus placebo in premenopausal women with HSDD in two replicate Phase 3 trial…”
Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg S, et al.
“Bremelanotide (PT-141) 1.75 mg SC increased satisfying sexual events by 0.7 per month versus 0.4 for placebo and significantly reduced distress related to low sexual desire in premenopausal women w…”
Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.
“Liraglutide 1.8 mg daily reduced MACE by 13% versus placebo in type 2 diabetes patients at high cardiovascular risk.”
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.
“Once-weekly semaglutide reduced the rate of cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke by 26% versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk.”
Smart N, Risebro CA, Melville AAD, et al.
“Thymosin β4 priming of adult mice before myocardial infarction reactivated dormant epicardial progenitor cells, drove their differentiation into functional cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle…”
Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, et al.
“Intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) significantly increased investor transfers in a trust economic game compared to placebo (17 vs. 13 monetary units), demonstrating that oxytocin selectively enhances trus…”
Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.
“Continuing tirzepatide after successful 36-week weight loss maintained additional body weight reduction of 5.5% at Week 88, whereas switching to placebo resulted in 14.8% weight regain — a 20.3% di…”
Frías JP, Nauck MA, Van J, et al.
“Tirzepatide monotherapy at 5, 10, and 15 mg once weekly reduced HbA1c by up to −2.11% and body weight by up to −9.5 kg in drug-naive type 2 diabetes patients versus placebo, with 87% of the highest…”
Ryan DH, Lingvay I, Deanfield J, et al.
“Continuing semaglutide 2.4 mg after initial 20-week weight loss maintained additional weight loss of 7.9% at 68 weeks, whereas switching to placebo resulted in 6.9% weight regain — establishing tha…”
Sikiric P, Rucman R, Turkovic B, et al.
“BPC-157 protected gastric, intestinal, and liver cell lines from ethanol, NSAIDs, and oxidative stress damage, with concurrent reversal of GI mucosal injury in rat ulcer models.”
Wu H, Chen Y, Li Y, et al.
“Thymosin Alpha-1 1.6 mg twice-daily SC significantly reduced 28-day mortality (11.1% vs. 30.0%) and ICU duration in severe COVID-19 patients with lymphocytopenia, compared to standard of care.”
Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, et al.
“Oral semaglutide demonstrated non-inferiority to placebo for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in high-risk T2D patients (HR 0.79; p<0.001 for non-inferiority), with a significant 51% r…”
Pickart L, Margolina A
“GHK-Cu modulates a broad network of human genes involved in inflammation, DNA repair, antioxidant defense, tissue remodeling, and nervous system maintenance — with over 4,000 genes significantly al…”
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al.
“BPC-157 consistently accelerated tendon, ligament, bone, and GI mucosal healing across multiple animal model studies, and exhibited a broad cytoprotective effect without toxicity at studied doses.”
Boyko AA, Uchakin PN, Shcherbenko VE, et al.
“Selank at nanomolar concentrations modulated cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suppressing LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α release while enhancing IL-2 and IFN-γ — suggest…”
Gudasheva TA, Tarasiuk AV, Pauls I, et al.
“Semax nasal spray significantly improved neurological function scores (NIHSS) and reduced early neurological deficit in ischemic stroke patients compared to standard therapy alone, with concurrent …”
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al.
“BPC 157 acts bidirectionally along the brain-gut axis — healing gastrointestinal mucosa through local cytoprotective mechanisms while simultaneously modulating dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAe…”
Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK
“Thymosin β4 functions as a pleiotropic tissue repair and regeneration peptide — acting through actin sequestration, angiogenesis promotion, anti-inflammatory signaling, and stem cell mobilization —…”
Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al.
“Liraglutide 3.0 mg daily produced a mean weight loss of 8.4% versus 2.8% with placebo in adults with obesity, leading to FDA approval of Saxenda.”
Medvedev VE, Tereshchenko ON, Kost NV, et al.
“Selank 400 µg intranasal daily was non-inferior to medazepam (a benzodiazepine anxiolytic) for anxiety symptom reduction (HAM-A) over 4 weeks in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, wit…”
Hong Y, Downey T, Eu KW, et al.
“Topical GHK-Cu (5 µM) applied to full-thickness rat skin excisions accelerated wound closure by 30% versus vehicle at day 7, with significantly reduced inflammatory infiltrate and enhanced collagen…”
Khavinson VKh, Izmaylov DM, Obukhova LK, Malinin VV.
“Elderly patients who received epitalon showed a 28% reduction in mortality over 15-year follow-up compared to controls not receiving the treatment.”
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A.
“Comprehensive review documenting GHK-Cu's stimulation of collagen synthesis (12 types), angiogenesis, wound contraction, and anti-inflammatory activity, with evidence of gene expression modulation …”
Bazzi P, Lucioni M, Gajate C, et al.
“Thymosin alpha-1 monotherapy or combined with interferon significantly increased HBeAg seroconversion rates, normalized ALT levels, and reduced HBV DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B across m…”
Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, et al.
“MK-677 25 mg daily significantly increased lean body mass and decreased visceral fat in HIV-positive patients with adipose redistribution syndrome over 12 months.”
Goncharova ND, Khavinson VK, Lapin BA
“Epithalon (Epitalon) treatment in aged rhesus monkeys (mean age 22 years) significantly restored diurnal cortisol rhythmicity, improved melatonin secretion patterns, and normalized luteinizing horm…”
MacDonald K, MacDonald TM
“Intranasal oxytocin consistently produces prosocial effects across diverse human paradigms including enhanced trust, reduced social anxiety, improved emotion recognition, and attenuated HPA stress …”
Pevec D, Novinscak T, Brcic L, et al.
“BPC 157 (10 µg/kg intraperitoneally) significantly accelerated muscle healing in corticosteroid-impaired rats, restoring wound tensile strength and histological architecture to near-normal levels b…”
Semenova TP, Kozlovskaya MM, Zakharova NM, Kozlovskiy VI.
“Selank (0.15 mg nasal twice daily) reduced Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores by 38% versus 20% for placebo in generalized anxiety disorder, without sedation, cognitive impairment, or dependence.”
Astrup A, Rössner S, Van Gaal L, et al.
“Liraglutide 2.4–3.0 mg daily produced significantly greater weight loss (5.8 kg more than placebo) than orlistat at 20 weeks in non-diabetic obese adults, with dose-dependent improvements in blood …”
Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, et al.
“Liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily reduced HbA1c by 1.12% versus 0.79% for exenatide twice daily (p < 0.0001), with greater weight loss (−3.24 vs. −2.87 kg), significantly lower hypoglycemia risk, lower…”
D'Agostini C, Aglianò M, Ciminale M, et al.
“Thymosin alpha-1 enhances natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and dendritic cell maturation in cancer patients, with clinical data from multiple tumor types showing improved chemotherapy tolerabi…”
Lebedeva IS, Panikratova YR, Sokolov OY, et al.
“Semax (400–600 µg/day intranasal) over 10 days significantly increased EEG coherence in alpha and theta bands between frontal and posterior brain regions in cerebrovascular disease patients, correl…”
Romano Carratelli C, Mazzola N, Monticelli F, et al.
“Thymosin Alpha-1 administration restored CD4+ T-cell counts and shifted the cytokine profile toward TH1 predominance in immunocompromised patients with chronic viral infections.”
Domes G, Heinrichs M, Michel A, et al.
“Intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) significantly improved performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), a validated measure of social cognition and emotional recognition, compared to placeb…”
Pfaus JG, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P
“MC4R agonism in the medial preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus mediates sexual motivation and erectile/receptivity responses via nitric oxide and dopaminergic pathways; bremelanotide (PT-141)…”
Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, et al.
“CJC-1295 administered twice weekly to GHRH-deficient lit/lit mice normalized body length, organ weights, and IGF-1 levels to wild-type ranges over 12 weeks, demonstrating functional GH-axis restora…”
Dolotov OV, Karpenko EA, Inozemtseva LS, et al.
“Semax (50 µg/kg intranasal) rapidly and significantly increased BDNF mRNA and protein levels in rat hippocampus within 1–24 hours, with concomitant upregulation of the TrkB receptor — providing a m…”
Ionescu M, Frohman LA
“A single subcutaneous injection of CJC-1295 (0.03–0.1 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in GH and IGF-1 lasting 6–8 days while preserving normal GH pulsatility, supporting its potential for …”
Nair KS, Rizza RA, O'Brien P, et al.
“Growth hormone supplementation improved body composition (lean mass +2.0 kg, fat −2.4 kg) in older men regardless of testosterone status, but did not improve strength, physical performance, or insu…”
Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al.
“CJC-1295 (a GHRH analog) produced dose-dependent GH pulses lasting up to 8 days per injection and sustained IGF-1 elevations 1.5–3x baseline, with a favorable safety profile.”
Pollard JD, Bhatt R, Gupta M, et al.
“GHK-Cu activates multiple cellular regeneration pathways in skin including fibroblast proliferation, upregulation of collagen synthesis enzymes, and stimulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) express…”
Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK.
“Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-500) promotes wound healing, angiogenesis, and cardiac repair through actin sequestration and cell migration mechanisms; accelerated wound closure and reduced infarct size in an…”
Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC, Willett MS, Molinoff PB
“PT-141 (bremelanotide, 7.5 mg intranasal) produced clinically meaningful improvements in erectile function scores versus placebo in men with both psychogenic and organic erectile dysfunction, with …”
Philp D, St-Surin S, Cha HJ, et al.
“Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) applied topically or administered SC significantly accelerated full-thickness wound closure in rats and db/db diabetic mice, with enhanced collagen deposition and angiogenesis, an…”
Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK, Provinciali M, et al.
“Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly tetrapeptide) extended median lifespan by 11–16% in female Drosophila melanogaster, reduced age-associated reproductive decline, and decreased the incidence of spontaneous…”
Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirschbaum C, et al.
“Intranasal oxytocin combined with social support produced the lowest cortisol responses to psychosocial stress (Trier Social Stress Test) compared to either intervention alone, demonstrating synerg…”
Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA.
“Epitalon treatment increased telomere length and reduced 8-OHdG oxidative DNA damage markers in peripheral blood lymphocytes of elderly volunteers.”
Kost NV, Sokolov OY, Gabaeva MV, et al.
“Semax (50 µg/kg intranasal) significantly inhibited dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and other enkephalin-degrading enzymes in rat striatum and hippocampus, increasing endogenous enkephalin bioavai…”
Muccioli G, Tschöp M, Papotti M, et al.
“GHRP-2 and ghrelin share the same GHS-R1a receptor target and produce comparable GH-releasing activity, establishing GHRP-2 as a direct functional analog of endogenous ghrelin in receptor pharmacol…”
Zozulia AA, Neznamov GG, Siuniakov TS
“Selank (0.15 mg intranasal, twice daily) produced significant reductions in Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) scores comparable to phenazepam (a benzodiazepine) over 4 weeks in patients with generaliz…”
Baulieu EE, Thomas G, Legrain S, et al.
“DHEA 50 mg daily for 12 months significantly improved bone mineral density in women over 70 and enhanced skin hydration, sebum production, and self-reported well-being versus placebo in older adults.”
Murphy MG, Bach MA, Plotkin D, et al.
“Twelve-month oral MK-677 (25 mg daily) in 65 adults (young and elderly) significantly increased IGF-1 by 40–50%, elevated bone formation markers osteocalcin by 20% and PICP by 26%, and increased bo…”
Svensson J, Lönn L, Jansson JO, et al.
“Two-month oral MK-677 (25 mg daily) in obese male adults increased 24-hour mean GH concentration approximately 5-fold, raised IGF-1 by 52%, increased fat-free mass by 1.7 kg, and elevated basal met…”
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al.
“Ipamorelin produced selective, dose-dependent GH release with no effect on cortisol, prolactin, or ACTH at any dose tested — distinguishing it from all previously known GH secretagogues.”
Svensson J, Lönn L, Jansson JO, et al.
“Two-month treatment with an oral GH secretagogue (MK-677) in obese males significantly increased 24-hour mean GH concentration by 5-fold, raised IGF-1 by 52%, increased fat-free mass by 1.7 kg, and…”
Arvat E, Gianotti L, Broglio F, et al.
“GHRP-2 (1 µg/kg IV) produced robust dose-dependent GH release in healthy men with concomitant mild elevations in prolactin, ACTH, and cortisol, confirming its broad neuroendocrine activity profile …”
Jette L, Harvey L, Lemaire I, et al.
“Three-month GHRP administration in healthy elderly adults (mean age 68) significantly increased peak GH response by 3.2-fold, raised IGF-1 by 38%, decreased fat mass by 2.1 kg, and increased fat-fr…”
Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SSC
“Six-month nightly GHRH(1-29) administration in elderly men and women (mean age 70) significantly increased IGF-1 by 35%, enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity by 40%, improved CD4/CD8 ratio, an…”
Vittone JL, Blackman MR, Busby-Whitehead J, et al.
“Nightly subcutaneous injections of GHRH(1-29) (sermorelin analog) in healthy elderly men significantly increased mean 24-hour GH concentrations, raised IGF-1 by 55%, reduced fat mass by 1.5 kg, and…”
Chapman IM, Bach MA, Van Cauter E, et al.
“Oral GH secretagogue MK-677 increased GH pulse amplitude and 24-hour IGF-1 concentrations to young-adult levels in healthy elderly subjects without affecting cortisol or prolactin.”
Laferrère B, Hart AB, Bowers CY
“Acute IV infusion of GHRP-2 (1 µg/kg/h) significantly elevated serum GH and produced measurable increases in fat oxidation over 3 hours in healthy adult men, consistent with GH-mediated lipolytic e…”
Bowers CY
“GHRP-2 (His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) is a potent synthetic GH secretagogue that acts through a receptor distinct from GHRH, producing dose-dependent GH release with a broader stimulatory profil…”
Bjorvatn B, Ursin R
“Systemic (IV and SC) DSIP administration in rats dose-dependently increased slow-wave sleep stage 2 (SWS-2/delta sleep) during the first 3 hours post-injection, with no significant effect on REM sl…”
Iyer KS, McCann SM
“DSIP directly modulates hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons to alter release of GH, LH, FSH, and ACTH, acting as a neuroregulatory peptide at both hypothalamic and pituitary levels with sex-depende…”
Graf MV, Kastin AJ
“DSIP exhibits pleiotropic neuroregulatory effects including promotion of delta-wave sleep, modulation of stress hormones (cortisol, ACTH), facilitation of GH release, and neuroprotective properties…”
Monnier M, Dudler L, Gächter R, et al.
“A nonapeptide (Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu) isolated from cerebral venous blood of sleeping rabbits induced characteristic delta-wave EEG sleep upon IV injection in recipient rabbits, estab…”